What's in mind?

Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that evaluates ideas based on their practical effects in experience. For pragmatists, an idea is ‘true’ when it reliably guides action, solves problems, and helps us navigate the world. Pragmatism views thoughts, concepts, and language as tools for prediction, problem-solving, and action. A belief is considered true if it proves ‘useful to believe’ in experience, aiding us in coping, coordinating, and achieving successful outcomes. For a pragmatist, ‘Free Will’ concerns whether believing you have some freedom helps you act, take responsibility, and improve your life. A belief is what an ideal community of inquirers would stably agree upon after unlimited investigation over the long term. An idea is true when it guides us toward that reality and no other in ways that bring experiential satisfaction and remain effective over time. Truth is not a fixed, timeless property but the result of ongoing inquiry, testing, and revision. Beliefs become t...

The book 'The Art of Action' by Stephen Bungay discusses leadership and execution methods. It details how leaders close the gaps between plans, actions, and results. Also, how to turn strategy into real-world action when things are uncertain and fast‑changing. Leaders should not try to control every detail. Instead, they should state their intent clearly. Leaders should define what to achieve and the purpose of achieving it. Let people decide how to achieve it within their limits. Instead of rigidly following a fixed plan, plans should be adjusted based on the situations and feedback. Most organizations fail not because of laziness, but due to structural gaps. Knowledge gap : We never have complete information, yet plans assume we do. Alignment gap : People’s actions don’t line up with the strategy. Effects gap : Results differ from our expectations. The art of action approach closes these by limiting direction to the intent, cascading that intent down, and givin...

Self-respect is the way you value yourself and show that value in how you think and act. It means knowing you are worthy and behaving in line with that worth, even when things are hard. Self-respect is seeing yourself as deserving of love, consideration, and opportunities like anyone else. Self-respect is treating yourself with care in your choices, habits, and relationships. Self-respect is acting in line with your values instead of constantly betraying what matters to you. Self-respect is combining firmness (clear limits) with self-compassion when you make mistakes. Self-esteem is how much you like yourself. Self-respect is how you show that liking through your actions. Self-respect matters because it shapes your identity. How you see yourself influences your decisions in every area of life. People learn how to treat you from how you treat yourself and what you tolerate. Respecting yourself is linked with better well‑being and a stronger sense of belonging.When you value your...

Patience is the ability to stay calm and self‑controlled while waiting, facing delays, or dealing with difficulties, without becoming angry or upset. It involves tolerating frustration and uncertainty while continuing to act in line with your goals rather than reacting impulsively. Patience in psychology is a mix of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills that let a person wait and endure difficulty without losing control. Cognitive control and appraisal The ability to focus attention, think about long‑term rewards, and reframe delays or frustrations instead of catastrophizing. Emotion regulation Keeping negative emotions low and cultivating positive states like calm, contentment, or gratitude while waiting. Self‑control Restraining the urge to act prematurely, lash out, or escape discomfort, and choosing actions that fit your longer‑term goals or values. Tolerance of distress and uncertainty Willingness to stay with uncomfortable feelings and not knowing, rather than...

Optionality is the state of having several attractive options available and the freedom to choose among them if needed. When the future is hard to predict, optionality lets you wait for more information and choose whichever path turns out to be best, rather than betting everything on one forecast. Good optionality structures your situation so that losses in some situations are limited, while the upside in the few that succeed can be huge. Stability is about having steady conditions of reliable income, routines, relationships, or systems that do not change abruptly. It trades some flexibility for reduced stress and risk, making planning easier but sometimes limiting new opportunities. Stability prioritizes security and predictability while optionality prioritizes flexibility and future choices. Both are valuable. Emphasizing one over the other depends on your risk tolerance and situation. Optionality is about having many possible paths open and avoiding irreversible commitments whe...

Influencers are people who build a large or highly engaged audience. They can attract their attention and influence their behavior. They are central to modern social media culture and marketing strategies. An influencer is someone who affects the opinions or behavior of followers. Their power does not come from formal expertise but more from perceived authenticity, relatability, and ongoing interaction with a community that trusts them. There are celebrities with millions of followers and a smaller group of communities. Brands often use smaller groups to target and drive high engagement. Mega‑influencers are used for massive reach and visibility. Influencer marketing uses endorsements, reviews, and product placements in influencer content to drive awareness and sales. The influencer is taking advantage of the trust followers place in them. Because many consumers see influencers as more relatable than traditional celebrities, their recommendations can feel like advice from a friend, w...

Utilitarianism is the moral view that actions are right if they promote overall happiness and wrong if they produce pain. John Stuart Mill defines happiness in Utilitarianism as pleasure together with the absence of pain. Unhappiness is pain and the lack of pleasure. For Mill, happiness is the only thing desirable. Everything else is good only as a means to producing pleasure or preventing pain. Utility or usefulness in morality is measured by how much an action increases this balance of pleasure over pain for everyone affected, not just for the person acting. Mill insists that happiness is not just any pleasure. Intellectual, moral, and aesthetic pleasures are more valuable than purely bodily pleasures. He distinguishes intellectual, moral, and aesthetic pleasures from bodily or purely sensory pleasures. He argues that intellectual, ethical, and aesthetic pleasures are qualitatively better than sensory pleasures. He claims that competent people prefer pleasures with higher quality....

Rules of trust are the basic principles people usually follow to decide whether to rely on someone. People trust those who are honest, competent, consistent, and who care about their interests. In close relationships, trust grows when words and actions align and when both sides communicate openly and respectfully. Honesty is one of the core rules of trust because people cannot rely on someone whose words do not align with reality. Tell the truth rather than lie, exaggerate, or hide key facts, especially when others are making decisions based on what you say. Avoid excuses or half‑truths. Convenient lies damage trust once discovered. Do what you say. Following through on commitments shows integrity and makes others see you as dependable. Admit mistakes. Openly taking responsibility is often the first step in repairing trust. Reliability in trust means being someone others can count on, repeatedly, not just once. It is about matching words and actions so people feel safe depending on ...

Egalitarianism is a broad political and moral philosophy that prioritizes equal moral worth and seeks to reduce or eliminate unjust inequalities in political power, resources, and opportunities. There are diverse interpretations about what exactly should be equalized and by what means. Core idea is all humans have equal fundamental worth, which should be reflected in fair treatment under the law and in distributions of resources or opportunities. Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome are two different ways egalitarians think about what should be made equal in a just society. They often overlap in practice, but they focus on different moral targets. Equality of opportunity Positions, rewards, and offices should be open to all under fair conditions. So people with similar talent and effort have similar chances, regardless of race, gender, family background, or class. Inequalities in results are then acceptable if they arise from people’s choices and efforts rather than fro...

The golden mean is the idea that the best or most virtuous course lies between two extremes, one of excess and one of deficiency. It is associated with Aristotle’s ethics but also appears in other philosophical traditions. Aristotle’s golden mean is his idea that every moral virtue is a balanced state between two opposite vices: one of excess and one of deficiency. It is a practical guide for living well rather than a mathematical midpoint. Each virtue targets a ‘just right’ way of feeling and acting. Courage The virtue of courage is the mean between excessive fearlessness and excessive fear. A courageous person faces real dangers for good reasons but does not seek danger for its own sake. Temperance Temperance in pleasures lies between self‑indulgence and extreme abstinence. The temperate person enjoys pleasures in the right amount, at the right times, and for the right reasons, rather than either overindulging or denying all enjoyment. Generosity In everyday giving and sp...

The Four Laws of Behavior Change is from James Clear’s Atomic Habits. These laws form a sequential loop that helps to make new behaviors more likely to start, stick, and repeat. Atomic Habits offers practical, science-backed strategies for building good habits and breaking bad ones through small, compounding changes. Habits form through a four-step loop: cue (trigger), craving (motivation), response (action), reward (satisfaction). Habits can be optimized or inverted to build good habits or break bad ones Law 1 : Make it Obvious (Cue) triggers awareness by designing visible prompts in your environment or routines. This starts the cycle, as unnoticed cues lead to no action. Law 2 : Make it Attractive (Craving) builds motivation by linking the behavior to dopamine-boosting anticipation. It amplifies the cue’s pull, turning notice into desire. Law 3 : Make it Easy (Response) lowers friction so the action flows naturally from craving. This ensures the craving leads to actual perform...

Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Ayn Rand. It emphasizes objective reality, reason, individualism, and laissez-faire capitalism. Objectivism states that reality exists independently of consciousness and that individuals gain knowledge through reason and sensory perception. Objectivism asserts that the moral purpose of life is the pursuit of one’s own happiness through rational self-interest. Objectivism supports capitalism as the only moral social system because it protects individual rights and freedom without government interference. Key principles of Objectivism include: Objective reality Reality exists independently of consciousness or beliefs. Facts are absolute and do not change based on individual perceptions or feelings. This principle rejects supernatural explanations and insists on accepting reality as it is. Reason Reason is the only means of gaining knowledge. It involves relying on logic, evidence, and sensory perception rather than emotions, fai...

Prosperity is the condition of being successful, thriving, or flourishing. It is often associated with economic well-being, wealth, or material success. A broader definition describes prosperity as a holistic state that includes personal fulfillment, health, happiness, opportunity, and the ability for individuals and communities to thrive. The laws of prosperity are key principles that guide individuals and communities toward success, abundance, and overall well-being. These laws are described in both financial and spiritual contexts and include practical steps for achieving prosperity. Law of Pure Potentiality Prosperity begins with an open belief in limitless possibilities and the willingness to expand beyond limiting patterns. The Law of Pure Potentiality is about realizing and acting from the limitless, creative essence within, fostering personal growth, abundance, and unity with all life. Practicing silence and meditation daily helps one access this field of pure potentiality...

The rules of power refer to a set of strategic principles designed to help individuals gain, maintain, and defend influence in social, professional, and organizational settings. In a world where power dynamics shape everything, understanding the rules of influence is essential. Robert Greene’s book titled ‘The 48 Laws of Power’ is a comprehensive guide to understanding and mastering power dynamics in life, business, and relationships. Greene presents power not as a moral virtue but as a neutral force. You can harness it, ignore it, or pretend it doesn’t exist while others use it against you. The laws cover a wide range of strategies, from how to interact with superiors and peers to how to manipulate situations and people to your advantage. The book emphasizes that power is not just about force or authority, but about perception, influence, and the ability to control situations and relationships. The laws are not meant to be followed blindly, but rather as tools for understanding th...

Human judgment is the cognitive process by which individuals evaluate situations, weigh evidence, make decisions, and form beliefs or opinions. It is essential for daily life and critical thinking. Human judgment is shaped by a blend of psychological components, including cognitive processes, emotions, biases, heuristics, and social influences. These elements interact to determine how people gather, interpret, and act upon information in both routine and complex situations. It emerges from a combination of logic, emotion, bias, intuition, learned experience, and social context, making it powerful yet inherently imperfect. Judgment relies on information processing in the brain.Mental shortcuts known as cognitive biases can skew perception and lead to systematic errors. Emotions like anxiety, fear, excitement, or stress can strongly influence decisions. Mental shortcuts simplify decision-making in complex situations. It can lead to misjudgments, such as overestimating the likelihood o...

Illusions in human life are deeply connected to our perception and cognitive experience. It influences how we interpret reality and navigate everyday situations. These illusions range from simple optical tricks to more complex psychological and existential misperceptions that influence our beliefs, expectations, and well-being. Illusion of Predictability The illusion of predictability is a cognitive bias where people overestimate their ability to foresee future events or outcomes. This bias often arises from relying on past experiences, which leads individuals to feel unjustifiably confident in their judgments about what will happen next. The illusion persists because our minds are wired to construct coherent stories from limited or ambiguous information, creating a sense of understanding and control over what are actually chaotic or unknown outcomes. In business or investing, people may put undue trust in models or trends, confident in their predictive power, even when outcomes d...

Suffering is an uninvited guest that arrives at our doorstep, often without warning, and demands to be let in. It’s uncomfortable and painful, but can be a profound gift. Suffering is not just an obstacle to endure but a transformative force that shapes who we are and who we can become. The Universal Language of Suffering Suffering is universal, crossing cultures, eras, and circumstances. Suffering speaks a language we all understand. It can be viewed as a curse, something to escape or minimize. But suffering is an inevitable part of life, and it can be a gift. Ancient philosophies and spiritual traditions have long grappled with this notion. The Stoics saw adversity as a training ground for virtue, a chance to practice courage, patience, and wisdom. Buddhism teaches that suffering (dukkha) is intrinsic to life but also a pathway to enlightenment when approached with mindfulness. In modern psychology, concepts like post-traumatic growth highlight how people can emerge from har...

Crowd psychology studies the behavior, emotions, and thought processes of individuals when they are part of a collective. It examines how group dynamics influence decision-making, emotion, and actions. The concept of crowd psychology gained prominence in the late 19th century as urbanization and industrialization led to larger gatherings of people in cities, protests, and revolutions. Early thinkers like Gustave Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, and Sigmund Freud laid the groundwork for understanding how crowds transform individual behavior into something collective, often unpredictable, and occasionally dangerous. Historical Foundations of Crowd Psychology The study of crowd psychology emerged during a time of significant social upheaval. In 1895, Gustave Le Bon published his seminal work, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which remains one of the most influential texts on the subject. Le Bon argued that when individuals join a crowd, they undergo a psychological transformation. He de...

The concept of a “superior man” comes from various philosophical, cultural, and historical contexts. Each offering a different perspective on what it means to embody excellence or virtue. In Confucianism, the term “superior man” (or junzi in Chinese) refers to an ideal person who embodies moral excellence, wisdom, and virtue. In the Analects, Confucius describes the junzi as someone who “cultivates themselves to bring peace to others” (Analects 14.42). The superior man is not born superior but becomes so through effort, discipline, and a commitment to virtue. In Stoic philosophy, particularly in the works of Marcus Aurelius or Seneca, the ideal person lives according to reason and virtue, mastering their emotions and focusing on what they can control. Traits like wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance align closely with the junzi, emphasizing self-discipline and ethical living. In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, the “great-souled man” is someone of exceptional virtue who achieves...

Love is often described as a feeling. But love is more than an emotion. It’s an art form. Like a painter with a blank canvas or a poet wrestling with words, those who master the art of love approach it with creativity, vulnerability, and a willingness to evolve. Love is not a monolith. It wears countless unique interconnected faces. Romantic love often takes center stage in our cultural narratives. But love extends far beyond romance. Love is also the quiet devotion of a parent cradling a child and the unspoken loyalty between friends who weather life’s storms together. Philosopher Alain de Botton suggests that love is “a skill, not just an enthusiasm.” It’s not enough to feel love; we must learn to sustain it. This means cultivating empathy, practicing forgiveness, and embracing the imperfections of others. Romantic Love: A Dance of Intimacy and Independence Romantic love is immortalized in poetry, music, and art. It thrives on closeness but requires space; it demands vulnerabil...